Process for recovery of iron from ore



E. RIVEROLL PROCESS FOR RECOVERY OF IRON FROM ORE March 25, 1947 Filed Aug. 21, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet l avg M w w m M E.

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March 25, 1947 E. RIVEROLL 2,417,949

PROCESS FDR RECOVERY OF IRON FRQM ORE Filed Aug. 21, 1943 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 n fiZFEGO JPIVEEOLL,

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March 25, 1947. E. RIVEROLL PROCESS FOR RECOVERY OF IRON FROM ORE 4 Shets-Sheet 5 Filed Aug, 21, 1945 J H n m 4 n 2 2 7 M m E 4. 1 w/ qrfiilit J 1 u E "Hun |l||| |||l|| Ill 1 I? ll, iv 1. 8 (J Ill 1 3 1 o n w I t l ln. nnu x M 6 m I. M- .fl Hn l lfl Hum. r 1 J fi I v 1 a 9 W w 5 v n 1 m 6 L 4 M g w;

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March 25, 1947. E. RIVEROLL 2,417,949

PROCESS FOR. RECOVERY OF IRON FROM ORE Filed Aug. 21, 1943 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 152F560 E/VEEOL 4,

1 INVENTOR.

Patented Mar. 25, 1947 PROCESS FOR RECOVERY F ERGN FROM ORE Elfego Riveroll, Hermosa Beach, Calif. Application August 21, 1943, Serial No. 499,511

: This invention relates to the recovery of iron from ores, and particularly to the reduction and recovery of iron from an ore containing one or more higher oxides thereof, that is, oxides in which the iron is in a higher state of oxidation 7 than ferrous oxide, FeO.

The process is adapted particularly for the reduction and recovery of iron from ores containing hematite (F8203) or magnetite (FesOi),

This application is a continuation-in-part of my application Serial Number 433,861, now U. S. Patent 2,340,346, for Apparatus for recovering metal from ore, filed March 9, 1942,

The principal object of the invention is to provide a process for the recovery of iron from such ores, in which a hydro-carbon fluid (i. e., a hydrocarbon gas or liquid, or both) is used as the principal agent required for the reduction of the iron from its original oxidized state, in which the treatment of the ore is conducted in a plurality of successive stages, and in which the conditions in the several stages may be maintained in such manner that the heating of the ore and the reduction of the iron are accomplished efiiciently and economically. In this connection, a particular object is to obtain a high degree of economy and freedom from operating diificulties by carrying out the successive stages in different types of furnaces or heating units, the characteristics of each furnace and the combined arrangement thereof being such that the furnace in each stage is particularly adapted to accomplish the treatment desired in that stage.

A further object of the invention is to provide a process for the above purpose in which the reduction of the iron does not require the introduction of any solid reducing agent, although, as Will be explained, some solid reducing agent may if desired be used in the last stage of the process.

A further object of the inventionis to provide an improved method for efiecting the reduction of iron from its original state of oxidation in the ore to a state of oxidation lower than ferrosoferric oxide (Fe3O4) by contact at a suitably elevated temperature with a hydrocarbon fluid, and in which the reduction of the iron to metallic state may advantageously be completed by heating to a higher temperature in the presence of carbon deposited in the ore durin th contact thereof with the hydrocarbon fluid.

Another object of the invention is to provide a process for the production of steel from iron ores, without requiring the ore or the reduced iron to .be brought into contact with air or other nitrogen-containing gas at a temperature sufficient to 10 Claims. (Cl. 7538) cause absorption of nitrogen, thus permitting production of steel substantially free from nitrogen.

In accordance with the present invention the above objects, and other objects of the invention which will become apparent or will be pointed out hereinafter, are accomplished by means of a process in which the ore is preferably subjected to at least three successive and separate stages of treatment at elevated temperature, as described below.

In the first stage, the ore in a suitable crushed or divided condition is heated by direct contact with a gaseous heatingmedium to a temperature sufficient to remove all water present in the ore, and preferably substantially to the temperature at which the reduction is tobe carried out in the second stage. I prefer to maintain a reducing atmospher in this stage of the process so as to also eifect some reduction of the iron therein. In addition to the drying, preheating, and partial reduction of the ore, an important function of this first stage is to cause at least the major portion of the expansion of the ore particles, due to heating thereof to the temperature required for subsequent reduction, to take place in this stage. This preheating stage is therefor preferably conducted in a furnace of the rotary kiln type in which the ore is brought into direct and intimate contact with the hot gases and i at all times free to expand. This preheating also serves, in the case of most ores, to produce a partial fracturing, splitting, or cracking of the ore particles (without causing the particles to actually break apart to any considerable extent), which promotes effective contact of the reducing gas in the next stage with all portions of the ore. Th ore in this stage is preferably heated at least in part by combustion of gases leaving the reducing chamber of the next stage of the process and by residual heat of the combustion gases from the heating chamber of the next stage, as described hereinafter. Additional gas or other fuel may be supplied and burned in suiiicient amount to maintain the desired temperature, but this usually is not necessary since the most advantageous results are obtained by operating under such conditions that the gases leaving the reducing stage contain sufficient combustible gases to provide, by combustion thereof, all the heat required in this preheating stage, as described more fully hereinafter.

In an intermediate stage, the dried and preheated ore is subjected to contact with a preheated hydrocarbon fluid at a temperature sufficient to cause partial reduction of the iron, for example, to cause reduction thereof to a lower oxide and partial reduction thereof to the metallic state, and to also caus deposition of carbon in the ore. This stage is carried out in a furnace arranged to provide for heating of the ore in one or more enclosed reducing chambers, and heated hydrocarbon fluid is introduced into contact with the ore at a plurality of suitably distributed positions in said chamber or chambers.

According to a preferred embodiment of the process, this intermediate or reducing stage is carried out in two successive steps, which may be referred to as auxiliary and main reducing steps. In each of these successive steps or this stage the ore is passed through an enclosed chamber and is brought into contact with the hydrocarbon fluid and is heated to keep it at an elevated temperature, preferably by direct contact with hot gases in the auxiliary reducing step and by indirect heating in the main reducing step. In this preferred embodiment the fur- 'nace employed in the auxiliary reducing step may in some cases be also used to complete the preheating of the ore to suitable temperature for reduction in the main reducing step, or the above-described preheating stage of the treatment may be effected wholly in this same furnace. This intermediate or reducing stage may, as a further alternative, be conducted in a single furnace, as illustrated in one of the embodiments hereinafter described.

The hydrocarbon fluid used for effecting the reduction is preheated, externally of the reducing chamber or chambers, to a temperature at least approximating, and preferably somewhat above, the temperature of the ore. The hydrocarbon fluid is at least partly decomposed upon contact with the ore at the existing temperature, resulting in the, formation of gaseous products including hydrogen, and of solid carbon. The iron is partially reduced by reaction of the higher oxide or oxides thereof with the hydrogen and carbon, and possibly also by direct reaction with hydrocarbon fluid, resulting in the formation of FeO and some metallic iron. These reactions also result in the formation of gaseous products such as carbon monoxide or water vapor. These gaseous products are removed from the reducing chamber. The gases so removed may contain carbon monoxide, and also contain other combustible gases such as unreacted hydrogen or hydrocarbons, and I therefore prefer to burn these gases to provide at least part of the hot combustion gases employed in the preheating stage. I

The conditions in the second stage, including temperature, time of contact, and the manner and rate of introduction of reducing gas, are such that part of the iron is reduced to the metallic state and the remainder is reduced to an oxide lower than FezOr, and some carbon formed by decomposition of the hydrocarbon fluid ordinarily remains in the ore. The ore is discharged from this stage in the form of particles containing the iron entirely in a condition less oxidized than Fes04, and also containing carbon either in free finely divided condition or combined with metallic iron.

The ore is then preferably subjected, in a third or final stage, to further heating, in the presence of sufficient carbon or other solid reducing agent and at sufficiently high temperature to complete the reduction of the iron to the me- 4 tallic state and to cause fusion of the resulting steel or other ferrous metal product and the formation of a slag containing the gangue constituents of the ore. This final reducing and smelting operation is carried out in an enclosed chamher in which a reducing atmosphere is maintained and from which air is excluded, and is preferably conducted in an electric furnace of either the are or induction type. In case the partially reduced ore discharged from the second stage does not contain suflicient carbon to complete the reduction of the iron in the third stage, I may add some additional coke or other form of carbon to the charge in the third stage. It will, of course, be understood that any desired fluxing agents such as are commonly used in smelting may be added to promote fusion of the gangue constituents and separation of the resulting molten slag from the molten metal.

The process may be better described in greater completeness and detail by reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate apparatus for use therein, such apparatus being claimed in my above-mentioned application Ser. No. 433,861.

Referring to the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a partly sectional side elevation of one form of apparatus, in which the treatment of the ore is conducted in four successive furnaces;

Fig. 2 is a horizontal section on line 2-2 in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a vertical section on line 3-3 in Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a vertical section on a larger scale of the main reducing furnace and part of the auxiliary reducing furnace shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary vertical section of the lower portion of the main reducing furnace, taken on line 5-5 in Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is an inverted horizontal section on line 66 in Fig. 4, showing the pipes for supplying hydrocarbon fluid;

Fig. '7 is a vertical sectional view of one of the pipes or nozzles through which hydrocarbon fluid is introduced into the ore in the main reducing furnace;

Fig. 8 is a vertical section of the upper portion of a modified form of furnace that may be substituted for the auxiliary reducing furnace of Fig. 1 in case it is desired to utilize this furnace for drying and preheating the ore and to omit the rotary kiln shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 9 is a partly diagrammatic side elevation of another form of complete apparatus, with certain parts broken away;

Fig. 10 is a horizontal section on line Ill-l0 in Fig. 9;

Fig. 11 is a vertical section on line I |ll in Fig, 9; and

Fig. 12 is a vertical section, on a larger scale, of the reducing furnace shown in Fig. 9.

The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 comprises a rotary kiln I, an auxiliary reducing furnace 2, a.

main reducing furnace 3, and an electric furnace 4. v

The rotary kiln l is inclined downward from right to left and may be provided with any suitable conventional means, not shown, for rotating the kiln about its longitudinal axis. The upper and lower ends of the kiln extend into and communicate with housings 5 and 6 respectively, and the kiln is provided at its lower end with burner means I for introducing air with or without added fuel, to maintain combustion within the kiln which constitutes the ore preheating chamber. Kiln l is also provided at its upper end with a stack 8 for discharge of waste gases and with means such as feed spout 9 for supplying ore in crushed or suitably divided condition into the upper end of the kiln. Burner I is shown as provided with a fuel supply pipe ll having means such as valve l for regulating the supply of fuel, and with an opening as indicated at l2 for admission ofair to the burner, the supply of air being regulated in any suitable manner.

A suitable conduit l3 connects the lower end housing 6 to the upper end of the auxiliary reducing furnace 2, for conducting the ore from the kiln l to furnace 2 and for conducting gaseous products from furnace 2 to kiln I. Said conduit is preferably centrally located with respect to furnace 2.

Referring to Figs. 1 and 4, the auxiliary reducing furnace 2 comprises a bottom wall i5, a

dome-shaped top wall 16 and a side wall ll prefpreferably provided between the refractory lining l8 and side wall 11. The top wall 16 and conduit l3 are shown as being of double-walled construction and provided with suitable heat insulating material as indicated at 23 and 24.

The main reducing furnace 3 comprises an inner housing 3| and an outer housing or shell 32, the construction of which is best shown in Figs. 2 and 4. The inner housing includes a side wall 33 formed as a vertically extending cylindrical shell, a, top wall 33, and a conical bottom wall 35, defining therewithin a completely enclosed vertically extending reducing chamber 36, from which air is excluded substantially completely and in which a vertically extending body of ore is continually maintained during operation of the apparatus. Said reducing chamber is provided with means hereinafter described for admitting hydrocarbon fluid thereto under suitable pressure, and is preferably provided with means for maintaining a pressure in the reducing chamber slightly greater than atmospheric pressure.

The outer housing 32 is also cylindrical in shape and extends throughout the major portion of the height of the inner housing, to define an annular furnace chamber 38 surrounding the reducing chamber 36 throughout the major portion of its height. The outer housing is shown as comprising a cylindrical side wall or shell 39 and a bottom wall 4|, constructed of steel or other suitable metal, the side and bottom walls being lined with refractory brick as indicated at 22 and 52, and the side wall being preferably also previded with a layer of heat-insulating material indicated at 43. Adjacent the lower end of the outer housing are four burner openings 44 spaced 90 apart, in which are mounted burner means such as nozzles 45 to which combustible gas or other fuel is supplied, said burner means serving to supply hot combustion gases to the furnace chamber 38. The outer housing also includes a top wall 48 closing the upper end of said furnace chamber. The furnace is provided with an outer top wall 47 above and spaced from top walls 34 and 46, and the space therebetween is filled with suitable heat-insulating material as at 48.

Suitable means are provided for conducting ore from the chamber 22 of furnace 2 to the reducing chamber 36 of furnace 3. For this purpose I have shown a screw conveyer or feeder 5i! mounted within a trough or housing 5| into which the ore falls through a central opening 52 in the bottom of chamber 22. A vertical chute or conduit 53 extends downward from conveyer housing 5! to a central opening 54 at the upper end of chamber 36. The conveyer 55 is shown as provided with a bevel gear 53 by means of which it may be rotated continuously or intermittently to convey ore from opening 52 to the upper end of chute 53. I prefer to operate with a continuous movement of ore through the system, but in order to permit intermittent operation if desired, I have provided a sliding gate 51 in chute 53, which may be moved to open or closed position.

Suitable means are provided for conducting hot combustion gases from the annular chamber 38 of furnace 3 into the ore chamber 22 of fur-' nace 2, preferably at a plurality of positions in th upper portion thereof. For this purpose I may provide four pipes 58 spaced 90 apart, opening at their lower ends through the top wall 26 1 of chamber 38. At their upper ends these pipes extend upward through the refractory lining [8 of furnace 2 to positions above the mid-height of chamber 22 and preferably near the upper end thereof, where they open into said chamber. The upper ends of said pipes are shown as bent inward as at 59 so as to deliver gases in a generally horizontal inward direction into the chamher, and the extreme inner ends are shown as inclined outward and downward as at 39 to prevent ore from entering the pipes.

I also provide means for conducting gases from the upper end of reducing chamber 35 to the preheating furnace, preferably through the chamber 22 of furnace 2. The means for this purpose is shown as including a pipe 6| opening at its lower end into the upper end of the reducing chamber and connected at its upper end to one of the pipes 58, as by pipe 32. It will be understood, of course, that similar connecting pipes 62 may also be provided for connecting pipe 6| to one or more of the other pipes 53. In addition, I have also shown another pipe 63 connecting pipe 6| to the lower portion of the vertical chute 53, so that some of the gases from the reducing chamber 36 may be introduced into contact with the ore in said chute. Pipes 62 and 63 are shown as provided with valves 64 and 65 for controlling and distributing the flow of gas and for maintaining a suitable pressure within the reducing chamber 36. It will of course be understood that when gate 51 is open to permit downward movement of ore, a large portion of the gases from chamber 35 will pass upward through chute 53 and through the ore body in chamber 22, but such ore body imposes sufficient resistance to flow of gas to maintain a slight superatmospheric pressure in chamber 33 under these conditions.

The electric furnace 4 may be an arc furnace or induction furnace of a conventional air-tight type, adapted to exclude air from the interior thereof and provided with means for electrically heating the partially reduced ore therein to a sufficiently high temperature for completing the reduction and for smelting the resulting metal. This furnace is also provided with means for dischargeof molten metal and slag as indicated at 58 and 69, the actual -construction and arrangement of such discharge means and other parts of the furnace being dependent upon the particular type of furnace employed. The specific construction of this furnace is not shown and further description thereof is believed unnecessary. I may use any one of a number of specific types whose construction and operation is well known in the art.

For delivering ore from the bottom of the reduc'ing chamber 36 to the electric furnace 4 I have provided a short screw conveyer or feeder H mounted within a trough or housing 12 into which the ore falls through a central opening 13 at the bottom of chamber 36. Conveyer ll is similar in construction and operation to the conveyer 50 above described, and an inclined chute I4 leads from conveyer housing 12 to the upper end of furnace 4, said chute being provided with a sliding gate 15 or other suitable means movable to position to open and close the chute to movement of ore. Thus, the ore may be delivered continuously or intermittently into the electric furnace. The lower end of chute I4 i connected to the electric furnace in such manner as to communicate with the interior thereof in a substantially air-tight manner. However, in order to positively prevent leakage of air into furnace 3,

chute 14, or reducing chamber 36, it will be understood that the gases therein are normally maintained at a slight superatmospheric pressure. In case the lower end of chute M is disconnected from the furnace for any reason during operation, the gate I5 may be closed to further prevent access of air into the reducing chamber 36.

The apparatus is also provided with means for preheating hydrocarbon fluid and with conduits or pipes for introducing the preheated fluid into the reducing chamber 36 of furnace 3, and preferably also into the ore-receiving chamber 22 of furnace 2. This preheated hydrocarbon fluid is preferably introduced into chamber 36 at a plurality of positions intermediate the height of the heating chamber 38 (i. e., intermediate the height of the externally heated zone within the reducing chamber), and into chamber 22 at a plurality of positions adjacent but somewhat above the lower end thereof.

The fluid preheater is indicated at 8! and is shown as comprising a cylindrical furnace housing provided with a refractory lining 82 defining a combustion chamber 83. Suitable burner means 84 are provided at one end of the combustion chamber, to which combustible gas or other fuel is supplied for maintaining a flame directed into the combustion chamber. A plurality of heating coil 85 are provided, extending longitudinally within the combustion chamber 83 and supported on suitable supporting means 86. The furnace and the heating coil means therein are preferably so constructed and. arranged that any one or all of the coils may be readily disconnected and removed from the furnace for the purpose of cleaning out carbon or coke deposited therein, and replaced by clean coils. I prefer to provide a separate supply line 81 for supplying hydrocarbon fluid to each of the heating coils, said supply lines being connected to any suitable source of supply of hydrocarbon fluid under pressure and being each provided with a separate valve 88 for controlling the admission of fluid to the corresponding coil 85. In the particular arrangement shown, seven heating coils are provided, from which the preheated fluid is conducted to chambers 36 and 22 by separate pipes or conduits, as described hereinafter.

A flue 9i communicates with the combustion chamber 83 at the end opposite the burner 84, for conducting hot combustion gases, after giving up part of their heat to the fluid within the coils, into the lower end of the furnace chamber 38 of furnace 3. Said flue is shown as connected at its upper end to an annular housing 92, which surround the conical lower portion 35 of the inner housing 3| and communicates with the chamber 38 through a plurality of angularly spaced openings as indicated at 93 in Fig. 2. Flue 9| may, if desired, be provided with suitable damper means for regulating the draft at the burner 84.

The means for introducing preheated hydrocarbon fluid into the reducing chamber 36 is shown as comprising eight pipes 95 which extend up through the bottom of the inner housing 3! and open into chamber 36 at their upper ends at positions between the axis and periphery of said chamber and equally spaced about the axis thereof. .As illustrated particularly in Fig. 7, each of the pipes 95 is provided with a cap 96 extending over the upper end thereof and with a plurality of openings 91 below said cap, in order to prevent the ore from entering the pipe while permitting outflow of the reducing fluid into the ore body. Referring to Fig. 4 it will be seen that each of the pipes 95 communicates with the interior of the reducing chamber 36 within the lower portion of said chamber and at a level somewhat above the bottom of the surrounding furnace chamber 38. The pipes 95 themselves are not seen in Fig. 2, but the positions thereof are apparent from the positions of the caps 96 shown in that figure.

The means for supplying hydrocarbon fluid to chamber 35 also comprises a centrally located vertical pipe 98 extending from a position somewhat above the bottom of the chamber upward to a position preferably somewhat above the mid-height of the chamber, said pipe being closed at its upper end as indicated at 99 and provided with spaced partition members l0! and I02 defining two separate chambers I83 and HM within the pipe. Two sets of outwardly projecting nozzles or orifice members I05 and H16 are provided at different levels intermediate the height of chamber 38, communicating respectively with the lower and upper chambers 103 and I04 and opening outwardly into chamber 36. I have shown four such nozzle members in each set spaced apart around the pipe, and these members are preferably inclined downward and outward so as to discharge the fluid into the ore body in a downwardly inclined direction and prevent the ore particles from entering the nozzles. Pipes Hi1 and H38 extend upward within pipe 98 and communicate respectively with chambers Hi3 and HM. Pipe 98 may be supported at its upper and lower ends by means of bars secured to the walls of chamber 35, as indicated at Iii-9 and I I0 respectively.

- The means for introducing fluid from the preheater 8! into the ore chamber 22 of furnace 2 is shown as comprising four .pipes H2 extending up through the bottom wall I 5 and through the conical wall 2! into the lower portion of said chamber, and each of said pipes is provided at its upper end with a nozzle member I I3 directed downward and inward for delivering the fluid into the ore body in a downwardly inclined direction while preventing the ore particles from entering these pipes. Nozzles H3 are spaced 90 apart around the chamber and communicate with the lower portion thereof at positions somewhat above the lower end of the chamber.

Referring particularly to Figs. 1, 4 and 6, the pipes 95, I61, I08 and HZ-are shown as extending downward to a position near the rear end of preheater BI, and connected in pairs to pipes H6 which extend through the rear wall of the preheater 8| and are connected to the respective heating coils 85. The eight pipes 95 are connected, in four groups of two each, to four of the pipes H6; the pipes l! and H18 are connected to one of the pipes H6; and the pipes H2 are connected, in two groups of two each, to the remaining two pipes H6. Each of the pipes 95, I01, I08 and H2 is preferably provided with a separate valve I IT to provide for separate regulation of the flow of fluid through the several pipes.

Although no ore is shown within the chambers 22 and 36, it will be understood that during normal operation of the apparatus a body of ore is continually maintained in each of these chambers, up to a level somewhat above the positions at which hydrocarbon fluid is introduced, as indicated, for example, by the dotted lines at A and B in Figs. 1 and 4, respectively. The ore level A in chamber 22 is considerably above the nozzles I 13, but is somewhat below the upper ends 59 of the gas conducting pipes 58, while the ore level 13 in chamber 36 is considerably above the upper ends of pipes and somewhat above the upper set of nozzles N16. The ore particles are of such size as to form a pervious bed through which the introduced fluid may pass without disturbing the ore particles and without undue resistance to circulation of gas or other fluid.

In carryin out the process in the above-described apparatus, an ore containing iron in a state of oxidation higher than ferrous oxide (such as F6203 or Feiio) is introduced into the upper end of the preheating chamber in rotary kiln l and is heated therein by direct contact with hot combustion gases from burner 1 and also by hot gases entering the kiln through conduit !3 from fnrnace 2. In case these latter gases contain combustible constituents, as is usually the case, a sufficient amount of excess air may be admitted at or adjacent the burner l for combustion of these constituents, to assist in heating the ore passing through the rotary kiln I. The ore is introduced in suitably crushed or divided condition, for example, principally in the form of particles of about one-eighth to three-quarters inch average diameter, and is heated in the kiln to thoroughly dry it and to preheat it in the first stage of the treatment, preferably to a temperature substantially equal to or closely approximating the temperature to be maintained in the subsequent reducing stage. In general, I prefer to heat the ore in this first stage to a temperature between about 400 C. and about 900 C., 2agnd preferably between about 650 C, and about In most cases, I prefer to so regulate the supply of air to burner i in proportion to the supply of fuel and/ or the quantity of combustible gases delivered to the kiln from the subsequent reducing stage of the process, as to maintain a reducing atmosphere therein, so as to cause some reduction of iron in the preheating stage of the process. For example, if the ore contains Fezoa, it may be 10 reduced completely or partially to F6304 or some other lower oxide within the rotary kiln I.

The ore within the rotary kiln is at all times free to expand upon heating thereof, and this preheating of the ore in this manner serves to prevent the ore from undergoing any substantial further expansion within the body of ore held in the reducing chamber in the next stage. By thus causing the thermal expansion of the ore particles to take place in the first stage, I eliminate'the possibility of the ore becoming tightly jammed or wedged in the reducing chamber, as frequently occurs if it is attempted to heat the ore from a materially lower temperature to the temperature required for reduction, at a position substantially below the upper surface of a relatively stationary body of ore, where the ore particles are not free to expand and consequently tend to become jammed or stuck due to the forces of thermal expansion resulting from such heating.

The heating of the ore to the above-mentioned temperature and the resulting expansion, in the first stage, also produces fracturing, splitting, or cracking of the ore particles (without appreciable disintegration or breaking up of the particles), and the resulting cracks or fissures serve to promote effective contact of the reducing fluid with the material in the interior of the particles, in the second stage.

The rotary kiln is preferably operated continuously and the dried and heated ore is .discharged from the lower end thereof through con duit 53 into the chamber 22 of furnace 2.

In chamber 22 the ore is kept heated by means of hot combustion gases introduced through pipes 58, and is also brought into contact with preheated hydrocarbon fluid introduced through nozzles i it, which serves to effect partial reduction of higher oxides of the metal or metals present therein, as described more fully hereinafter. In case the ore has not been heated to the necessary temperature for reduction when it enters chamber 22, the heating thereof to the required temperature may also be completed in this chamher, by contact with hot combustion gases from chamber 33 and with the hot hydrocarbon fluid itself.

From the bottom of chamber 22, the ore is discharged ccntinuously or intermittently and introduced into the top of the reducing chamber 36 in furnace 3, by operating screw conveyer 50 with gate 5'5 in open position. A vertically extending body of ore is thus continually maintained within the chamber 36, and heat is supplied thereto indirectly through the walls of the inner housing 3!, from the hot combustion gases in the surrounding furnace chamber 38. Hot combustion gases from the fluid heating unit 8! are introduced into the bottom of chamber 38 through flue 9i and housing 92, and the hot gases passing through the housing 92 also serve to heat the ore in the lower conical portion of chamber 35. Additional hot combustion gases are also supplied to chamber 3-8 by the combustion of gas or other fuel at burners 45. Thus, heat is supplied through the walls of chamber 36 to the vertically extending ore body therein, in an externally heated zone extending throughout at least the major portion of the height of said ore body.

Heated hydrocarbon fluid from coils of heater 81 is delivered through pipes 95 and nozzles 55 and me, into direct and intimate contact with the ore in chamber 30 at a plurality of vertically spaced positions intermediate the height of the externally heated zone.

For best results the ore within the reducing chamber 35, and also in the lower portion at least of chamber 22 of furnace 2, is maintained at a temperature between about 650 and about 800 0., although in some cases satisfactory results are obtained at temperatures as low as about 400 C. or as high as about 900 C.

It will be understood that the fluid preheater 8| is operated continuously and that hydrocarbon fluid is continuously supplied to the heating coils 85 thereof, in which it is heated to a temperature at least approximating, and preferably somewhat above (for example, about 100 to 150 C. above) the temperature of the ore in the furnaces 2 and 3.

The hydrocarbon fluid employed may be either a gas or a liquid. In general, I prefer to use a hydrocarbon gas, if a supply thereof is available. The term hydrocarbon gas is understood to include either natural gas, which generally consists principally of methane with some ethane or other higher hydrocarbons, or oil gas or other manufactured gas containing hydrocarbon constituents, produced by thermal cracking or decomposition of liquid petroleum products, and generally containing hydrogen andcarbon monoxide in addition to methane and other hydrocarbons.

Where an adequate supply of hydrocarbon gas isnotavailabe, I may use a hydrocarbon liquid such as, for example, fuel oil, gas oil, or other liquid petroleum product or fraction. However, as noted above, the fluid is heated to a relatively high tempertaure in coils 85 of heater 8!, for example, to a temperature of about 500 C. or above, and preferably about 750 C. or higher. Practically all liquid petroleum products, upon being heated to such temperatures, are completely converted to the form of gas, either by direct vaporization or by thermal decomposition, or both, to form more volatile products, usually accompanied by formation of carbon or coke. Thus, the fluid leaving the heating coils and introduced into contact with the ore is principally in the form of gas, even though it is originally introduced in liquid form. Any heavy liquid fractions that are not converted to the form of gas in theheating coils may also be carried along with the gas, together with particles of carbon formed in the heating coils.

Y The term hydrocarbon fluid is therefore used herein to include either a gas or a liquid or a mixture thereof, as well as to include material originally introduced in liquid form and converted, by heating, to gaseous form. Furthermore, references herein to the heating of such a fluid will be understood to include heating accompanied by partial or complete conversion of liquid to gas, in case such conversion occurs.

The hydrocarbon fluid, already at high temperature, is brought into intimate contact with the heated ore, both in the lower portion of chamber 22 in furnace 2, and also in the reducing chamber v36 of furnace 3, which together constitute the reducing zone of the intermediate stage. The valves in may be so adjusted as to provide for maintaining the most desirable conditions of pressure, and rate of introduction of hydrocarbon fluid, at the different positions of introduction thereof. This hydrocarbon fluid reacts, at the elevated temperature, with the higher oxide or oxides of iron present in the ore, reducing the same in part to the metallic state and in part to ferrous oxide, FeO. The hydrocarbcn fluid is also at least partly decomposed upon contact with the are at the existing temperature, resulting from the formation of gaseous products including hydrogen, and of solid carbon.

The reduction of the higher oxide or oxides in the ore probably results, at least principally, from the reaction thereof with hydrogen and carbon so formed, and these reactions also result in the formation of Water vapor and carbon monoxide as gaseous reaction products. Some reduction of the oxides may also take place by direct reaction thereof with the hydrocarbon fluid itself, with the formation of water vapor and of carbon monoxide and/or solid carbon. Some formation of carbon may also occur as the result of reaction of the reduced iron with carbon monoxide formed by the above reactions, or with carbon monoxide present in the hydrocarbon gas introduced into the reducing zone.

I have not determined the exact nature and extent of the various reactions that may be involved in this reduction stage of the process, but the following are illustrative of probable reactions:

The gaseous reaction products produced in chamber 36 are discharged from the upper end thereof, and are delivered through conduit 53 into chamber 22, or through pipe 5| into the upper portion of chamber 22 or into conduit 53, as described above and dependent upon adjustment of valves 64 and 65 and gate 5'1. Any gases passing through conduit '53 are brought into further contact with ore therein and in the lower portion of chamber 22, to cause additional reduction.

The gaseous products from chamber 22 of furnace 2 are delivered through conduit l3 into the lower end of the rotary kiln I. In addition to the hot combustion gases supplied to chamber 22 through pipes 58, these gases also include the gaseous reaction products such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide formed in chambers 36 and 22, and generally some residual unreacted hydrogen or unreacted constituents of the hydrocarbon fluid. As has been stated above, excess air may be introduced into the kiln, at or adjacent the burner I, for the combustion of combustible constituents contained in these gases, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, or hydrocarbons.

According to a preferred procedure, the hydrocarbon fluid may be introduced in the reducing stage (in chambers 36 and 22) in sufiicient amount so that the gases leaving that stage will contain enough combustible gases such as unreacted hydrogen or hydrocarbons to provide all the fuel required for combustion in kiln I, and preferably suflicient excess to maintain a reducing atmosphere therein.

Although some of the carbon formed within the ore bodies in chambers 22 and 36 as the result of decomposition of the hydrocarbon fluid may be consumed in the reduction of the higher oxide or oxides, a portion of the carbon so formed is deposited upon and throughout the ore particles and remains intimately and uniformly dispersed therein, either in the form of free carbon or chemically combined with the reduced iron.

The conditions in furnaces 2 and 3, including temperature, time of contact, and the manner and rate of introduction of the hydrocarbon fluid, are so regulated and maintained that the iron is completely reduced to a state of oxidation lower than Fe3O4, a portion thereof being reduced to the metallic state and the remainder thereof being reduced to ferrous oxide.

If the gas used is of relatively low hydrocarbon content, as when oil gas or other manufactured gas containing considerable hydrogen or carbon monoxide or both is used, it may be found desirable to enrich the hydrocarbon content by introducing a hydrocarbon liquid either with the gas or separately, in order to increase the deposition of carbon in the ore. If desired, hydrocarbon liquid may be supplied through some of the heating coils 85 and hydrocarbon gas through others. For example, I may supply hydrocarbon liquid to the coil or coils connected to some or all of the nozzles H3 in chamber 22, and hydrocarbon gas to the remaining coils.

The ore delivered to the top of the ore body in chamber 36 is moved downwardly by gravity, as treated ore is withdrawn from the bottom of said chamber, and the reduction proceeds progressively as the ore descends.

The partially reduced ore, with the carbon deposited therein, is delivered continuously or intermittently from the bottom of chamber 36 into the electric furnace 3, by operating screw conveyer ll with gate 75 in open position. In this final stage of the process in the electric furnace, the ore is heated in the presence of sufficient carbon or other solid reducing agent to complete the reduction of the iron to the metallic state, and to a sufficient temperature to complete such reduction and fuse the resulting metal, the gangue constituents being also fused to form a slag. The

temperature required in this stage is ordinarily between about 1300 and 1650 C. In case the amount of carbon contained in the ore discharged from furnace 3 is insufficient to complete the reduction of the metal in the electric furnace, and to provide such additional carbon as may be desired in the finished steel or other metal product, I may add the required amount of additional carbon to the charge in the electric furnace, preferably in the form of crushed or powdered coke. In general, however, and under preferred conditions of operation, the amount of carbon contained in the ore delivered to this furnace is sufficient for these purposes.

In some cases I find it advantageous to also introduce hydrocarbon material with the ore entering the process, in order to increase the deposition of carbon in the ore and thus insure the pres ence in the ore delivered to the electric furnace of suilicient carbon to complete the reduction of the iron to the metallic state, since I have found that the final reduction can be effected more advantageously when the requisite amount of carbon is thus deposited in divided condition on and within the partially reduced ore particles than by means of carbon introduced directly into the electric furnace.

According to a preferred procedure, therefore,

the crushed ore particles are first coated with a hydrocarbon liquid such as fuel oil or other heavy oil consisting principally of relatively high-boiling point hydrocarbons, as by spraying such liqintroduced in the reducing stage. This serves to reduce the amount of hydrocarbon fluid that must be introduced in the reducing stage in order to obtain the desired carbon content in the partially reduced ore delivered to the electric furnace. Furthermore, the coating of the cm in this manner eliminates any tendency of the heated ore particles to adhere to the walls of the furnaces or other equipment through which it is moved.

Carbon monoxide is produced by the reaction of the carbon with the metal oxide or oxides in the electric furnace, and serves to maintain a reducing atmosphere therein and to prevent inward leakage of air into this part of the system. The gases so produced may be vented from the furnace in any desired manner and may, if desired, be utilized as fuel in or in conjunction with the process.

It will be understood, of course, that any desired fiuxing agent may be used in connection with the ore, such as lime or some other material commonly used for this purpose, to promote fusion of gangue constituents in the electric furnace and the formation of a slag that separates readily and completely from the molten metal, and any such fluxing agent is preferably added to the ore delivered into the rotary kiln I so as to be dried and heated along with the ore.

It will also be understood that other metals may be introduced in the process for the purpose of alloying with the reduced iron to form special alloys. Such alloying constituents may for example be added to the charge in the electric furnace. As another example, I may produce special grades of steel for various purposes, by adding to the original ore charge entering the process a suitable proportion of ore containing an alloying metal such as manganese, chromium, tungsten, or molybdenum, the other metal so introduced being also reduced to the metallic state by the above described treatment.

When the reduction and smelting is completed in the electric furnace, the slag and molten steel or other metal are withdrawn, either separately or together, and the metal may be solidified in the form of ingots or cakes, in well known manner.

One advantage of the process is that it makes possible the production of steel substantially free from absorbed nitrogen, due to the absence of contact of reduced metallic iron with air or other nitrogen-bearing gas at a temperature sufficient to cause absorption of nitrogen. Air is completely excluded from the electric furnace 4 in which the fusion of the iron and formation of steel take place, and is also excluded from the zone or zones in which the reduction by contact with hydrocarbon fluid takes place, that is, in the lower portion of chamber 22 and in chamber 25. Furthermore, the temperature in chambers 22 and 33 is insuflicient to cause appreciable absorption of nitrogen by metallic iron even if some nitrogen is present, for example, as an impurity in the natural gas or other hydrocarbon fluid.

In some cases I may prefer to use a simplified procedure, in which the rotar kiln I is omitted and the crushed ore is charged directly into the chamber 22 of furnace 2 and the preheating and drying of the ore is conducted in the upper part of said chamber. In order to obtain combustion in the upper part of chamber 22 for this purpose, air may be introduced through one or more of the pipes 53, as by simply venting one or more of these pipes to the atmosphere. However, I prefer in such cases to provide other means for 15' introducing combustion air and means for charging ore directly into this furnace, and the con struction of the'upper part of furnace 2 may therefore be modified as indicated in Fig. 8.

Referring to Fig. 8, the upper part of this modified furnace is indicated at 2, having a chamber 22' corresponding to chamber 22 in Fig. 1. A central opening I4 at the top of the furnace is con nected directly to a stack I25 provided with adamper I 26. A suitable number of charging openings I2! are pro-vided in top wall I 6. Each of these charging openings isshown as provided with a pivo-tally mounted door I28 movable to wide open position for charging ore into the furnace and to closed or partly closed position over openings I21. The construction of furnace 2' is in other respects the same as described in connection with furnace 2 and it is similarly provided with pipes 58 and H2 as shown in Fig. 4, for introducing hot combustion gases and hydrocarbon fiuid into the upper and lower portions respectively of chamber 22'.

When using this modified type of furnace, the rotary kiln I and its appurtenant parts are omitted, and the remainder of the apparatus is constructed and arranged in the same manner as described above and illustrated in Figs. 1 through 7.

By maintaining the doors I28 in partly open position during normal operation, combustion air is drawn downward through the Openings I21 by the draft and toward the top of the ore body, in sufficient amount to support combustion of combustible constituents present in the gases rising through the ore body and also of combustible gases from chamber 36 of furnace 3 which may, if desired, be delivered into the upper portion of chamber 22 through one or more pipes 58 shown in Fig. 4, as described above in connection with that figure. This combustion takes place at the top of and immediately above the body of ore in chamber 22 and serves to dry and preheat the ore within the upper portion of such ore body. At this position, the ore is quite free to expand on heating, without causing any tendency to become jammed and prevent free downwardmovement of the ore, as would be the case if this heating occurred at a lower position in the ore body. As before, I prefer to maintain a reducing atmosphere in chamber 22' so as to also obtain reduction of the ore therein.

In the operation of this form of apparatus the ore is charged into furnace 2' and is dried and heated in the upper portion thereof to a suitable temperature such as described above in connection with rotary kiln I, and then passes downward through this furnace, through furnace 3, and into the electric furnace 4, the process being conducted in substantially the same manner as previously described. Additional combustion air may, if desired, be admitted through some of the nozzles I IS in the lower portion of the furnace 2. For example, a pair of pipes II2 leading to two diametrically opposite nozzles H3 (see Fig. 4) may be connected to one of the heating coil pipes I I6, and air may be introduced through the corresponding heating coil 85 instead of hydrocarbon fluid. The air so introduced is preheated in passing through the heater 8i, and is delivered through said nozzles H3 and used to support combustion of combustible constituents present in the lower portion of chamber 22', such combustible constituents being either introduced thereto through the other pair of nozzles H3 in the form of a hydrocarbon fluid or being formed asthe result of reactions within the apparatus as described above. This additional combustion serves, when necessary, to further raise the temperature of the ore to the point required for reduction.

. According to another modification, the process may be carried out in the modified form of apparatus shown in Fig. 9, which comprises three successive furnaces or heating units, a rotary kiln I3I, a reducing furnace I32, and an electric furnace I 33. Th rotary kiln I3I is similar to the kiln I shown in Fig. 1 and is similarly provided with upper and lower end housings I34 and I35, stack I36, ore supply means I31 and burner means I38. The interior of said kiln constitutes an ore preheating chamber. At the lower end of the kiln the ore is discharged therefrom through an inclined chute I40 into the upper end of the reducing furnace I32.

The furnace I32 comprises an inner housing I35 and an outer housing MI, The construction of this furnace is shown more fully in Figs. 10 and 12. The inner housing I39 is generally similar to that shown at 3| in Fig, 4, but is shown as being of somewhat greater height in proportion to its diameter. It is of cylindrical cross-section throughout the major portion of its height and is provided with a conical bottom portion I42, and is closed at its upper end to define therewithin a completely enclosed vertically extending reducing chamber I43 in which a vertically extending body of ore is continually maintained during operation of the process, as indicated at I44 in Fig. 9. Means are provided for excluding atmospheric air from chamber I 43, for admitting hydrocarbon fluid thereto under suitable pressure, and for maintaining a pressure therein somewhat above atmospheric pressure, as described more fully hereinafter.

The outer housing MI is generally similar to that shown at 39 in Fig. 4, whereby an annular furnace chamber I45 is provided surrounding the reducing chamber I43 throughout the major portion of its height. It is provided, as before, with burner openings I46 and burner means I41, arranged in the same manner as those shown at 44 and 45in Fig. 4.

The innerv housing I39 is provided at its upper end with hopper means I 8 for conducting ore from chute I40 into the reducing chamber I43, and suitable means are provided for controlling the movement of ore through said hopper means. Said control means is shown as arranged to provide for intermittent charging of ore into the reducing chamber, and may, for example, be comparable to the double bell or cone arrangement commonly used for controlling the supply of materials into a blast furnace. In the form of apparatus shown in Fig. 12, the hopper I48 has an upper hopper compartment I48a communicating with the lower end of chute I49 and a lower hopper compartment I481) communicating with chamber I43 through a central opening I49 in the top wall of the inner housing I39, the upper and lower compartments communicating with each other through an opening I5I Hopper I48 is located centrally within an upward extending portion I52 of the furnace housing, and

.the surrounding space I45a constitutes an upcones are shown as mounted on a centrally located vertical pipe I56 which is in turn supported at its upper end by an operatin lever I51, whereby both cones may be raised to closed position, as shown, and may be lowered to positions removed from the hopper openings to permit downward movement of ore. Pipe I56 also serves to conduct gases from the upper end of the reducing chamber I43 to the burner means I38. Said pipe is open at its lower end, in communication with chamber I43. It extends slidably through burner means I38 and is provided with a nozzle or opening I58 within the burner for delivering gas thereto, and is closed at its upper end.

Additional combustible gas or other fuel may if desired be supplied to burner means I38 through pipe I59. Pipes I56 and I53 are shown provided with valves I6I and I62 for controlling flow therethrough.

Means are provided for conducting hot combustion gases from the furnace chamber I45 of reducing furnace I32 into the rotary kiln I3I, and such means is shown as comprising the upper hopper compartment I48a and chute I48, said compartment communicating with space [4541 through a plurality of openings I63 in the wall of hopper I48. Pipes I64 are also shown leading from the top of the reducing chamber I43 into lower hopper compartment I481) for admitting gases from said chamber into said compartment, as described hereinafter.

An inclined conduit or chut I65 leads from the bottom of the reducing chamber, for conducting treated ore therefrom and charging it into the electric furnace I33, and said conduit may be provided with a gate valve I66 or other suitable means for normally retaining the ore in the reducing chamber and intermittently charging the electric furnace. The electric furnace I33 is similar in construction and mode of operation to that shown at 4 in Fig, 1, the means for discharging molten metal and slag therefrom being indicated diagrammatically at I61 and I68.

The fluid preheating means is indicated at Hi. It may be of the same construction and arrangement as the preheater 8I described above, but I have shown in this case a somewhat different construction comprising a refractory lined cylindrical furnace housing definin a combustion chamber I12 and provided at one end with burner means I13. The hot combustion gases are discharged fro-m furnace I1I at the other end through a plurality of conduits or flues I14 communicating with the furnace chamber I45 at positions spaced 90 apart and midway between the burner openings I46 as indicated at I15 in Fig. 10.

Ten separate heating coils extend longitudinally within the combustion chamber I12, as indicated at I16, and are mounted on suitable refractory supporting means I11. The respective heating coils are connected through separate pipes I18 to a common fluid supply line I19, each of the pipes I18 being provided with a valve I8I for regulating the supply of hydrocarbon fluid to the respective heating coils.

The means for supplying heated hydrocarbon fluid to the reducing chamber I43 comprises eight pipes I82 similar in construction and arrangement to the pipes 85 described above and provided at their upper ends with similar means (as shown in Fig. 7) for introducing fluid into the ore body, and two pipes I83 corresponding to the pipes I61 and I 88 in Fig. 4 communicating with separate compartments within a centrally disposed vertical pipe I84 having upper and lower sets of noz- Fig. 4.

zles I and I86 communicating with the respective compartments, in substahtiaily the same manner as described above in connection with In this case the centrally located pipe Ice is shown as mounted directly on the furnace housing at its lower end and supported at its upper end by bars I81 secured to the side wall DI the inner housing I39.

The above described pipes I82 and E83 enter furnace I1 i through the rear Wall thereof and are connected as indicated at I88 in Fig. 11 to the respective heating coils I16. It will be noted that in this case a separate heating coil I16 and a. separate regulating valve Isl is provided for each or the individual pipes I82 and I85.

In carrying out the process in this form of the apparatus, the ore is first dried and preheated, and preierabiy partly reduced, in rotary kiln It in the same manner as described above in conhection with the other form OI apparatus, the ore being heated therein by direct contact with hot combustion gases from burner I38 and also by hot gases coming from the heating chamber I45 of the reducing chamber I4I.

The rotary Kim is preierably operated continually and the heated ore is discharged from the lower end thereof through inclined chute I40 into the upper hopper I48a. At suitable intervals additional quantities of this material are introduced into reducing chamber I43 by lowering the cones I54 and I55 to discharge material from the upper hopper into the lower hopper 1148b, and from the lower hopper into the reducing chamber. During normal operation, a body of ore is continually maintained within chamber I43 up to a level above the positions of introduction of hydrocarbon fluid, for example, to some such level as indicated at I44 in Fig. 9, the gate valve I66 being normally closed to retain such ore body within this chamber and to complete the gas-tight enclosure thereof.

During the time the ore is within the hopper compartments I48a and I482), it is kept heated at substantially constant temperature by not combustion gases passing through the chamber M511 and through the upper hopper compartment. The ore body within the reducing chamber I43 is also heated externally in a zone extending throughout the major portion of the height of said ore body, by hot combustion gases in furnace chamber I45, including gases produced by combustion of fuel at burner I41 and gases delivered to chamber I45 through flues I14, in substantially the same manner as described above.

Fuel is continually burned at burner I13 to heat the coils I16 in the fluid preheater HI, and hydrocarbon fluid is continually supplied to said coils. The heated hydrocarbon fluid is delivered through pipes I82 and I83 and introduced into the heated ore body in chamber I43 at a plurality of vertically spaced positions intermediate the height of the externally heated zone, through the upper ends of pipes I82 and through nozzles I85 and I86, to effect partial reduction of metal therein and formation of finely divided carbon, some of which remains deposited upon and within the ore particles, in the same manner as de scribed above.

The reduction proceeds progressively as the ore descends by gravity within chamber I43, the partially reduced ore and deposited carbon being delivered continuously or intermittently from the bottom of said chamber, through chute I65 intoelectric furnace I33, in which the reduction is completed and the reduced metal-is fusedwas described above. 1

- It'will beseen that'in 'this case also airis completely excluded from the zones in-Which'thereduction and smelting take place, a slightsuperat- "'mospheric pressure being maintained in these zones by the gases introduced thereto or produced by the reactions occurring therein.- The gaseous reaction products from electric furnace i33may -be vented therefrom 'inanysuitable manner.

The gaseousproducts from reducing chamber M3 "which; as before, contain combustible constituents such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons, are "delivered through pipe I56 to burner means l38,-- \t'here-such constituents are burned to heat the oreinkiln !3 l. Some of these gases also passthroughpipes l 6 into the lower hopper compartment -l-i8b,=particularly when the bone-154 is moved-to open position topermit gas to pass into the upper compartment ldsmand -=some-reduction is thus accomplished by contact of these gases with the heatedorein the hopper MB.

The hot combustion-gases from' furnace cham- "ber l lipass upward through the space ldba and:

- thencethrough-openings 163i, hopper compartment 448a, and chute 1-40 into therotary kiln 13!, "and-the' heat-of these gases is thus utilized-in drying and preheatingt-he ore in said kiln.

- It will beu-nderstood 'thatin any of the forms -'of'- -apparatusabove described; suitable indicating or recording instruments may be provided at suitable positions inlthe system, forindicating-or remicording the temperature, pressure, rate offlow of gas or fluid, or other operating conditions which areto be controlled.

-The-following tabulated data show the condi- -tions-employed and results-obtainedin a specific -exam'ple of the process,---as 'appliedto a'particu- "lar type of ore:

Ore treatedhematite, ore, containing. 35.71%

-. iron. Flux. (added to ore entering the. first stage of the i process l lbs. lime rock .per 100 lbs. of ore. Temperature of ore leaving first stage-750C. Temperature of ore in reducing stage-J50? C. 'hHydrocarbon fluid introduced in reducing stage (naturalgas, containing approximately 70% -.CH4 and CzH6)--l2,000 cu. ft. per .ton of ore. Temperature of preheated hydrocarbon fluid introduced in reducing stage-800 C. Partially reduced ore discharged from reducing stage toelectrio iurnace.85.% of total iron con- [tent reduced to metallic iron; remainder present as FeO; contains approximately 1% carbon.

Final metal product discharged from electric furnace-steel containing 0.9% carbon,

I claim:

. 19A process for the recovery of iron from an iorecontaining an oxide thereof higher than FeO, whichcomprises: subjectingthe ore in divided-conldition .to contact' with hot combustion gases in .a first stage in which-the ore is free to expand on heating, to remove waterpresent in-the ore and heat the ore to a tempera-ture between about 400 C. and about 900 C.; thereafter delivering the dried and heated ore into an enclosed vertically extending chamber and'maintaining a verv.tically extending body of such orewithinsaid chamberysupplying heat-to said ore body through .the walls of said chamber in an externally. heatedzone extending. throughout: a major portion of the height'of said ore body; to maintain said ore body. at a temperaturebetweem about-.400". Cr and 900 C. within-said zone; introducing apreheated'hydrocarbonfiuid into contact: withithemore in said body at a plurality of positionsintermediate the height of said externally: heated zone, to cause reduction of iron in said :ore within the body to a-stateofoxidation lower-than F8304- and partially to metallio iron; removing from the lower end of the ore'body partiallysreduced ore containing iron completely'reduced to a state of oxidation-lower than FeaOr-andpartially reduced to -metal1ic state; subjecting the ore so removed to further heating. in the presence of a solid reducing agent-at a temperature suflicient to complete thereduction ofthe iron to the metallic state and cause fusion thereof;

and recovering the resulting metallic iron 2. A process for the recovery/of ironfrom an ore containing an oxide-thereof higher than'FeO, which comprises: subjecting the ore in divided condition to contact with not combustiongases in a first stage in 'which the ore is free to expand on heating to remove water present in the ore and heat theore to a temperature -between about 400 C; and about 900 0.; thereafter delivering the dried and heated ore into an enclosed vertically extending chamber and maintaining a vertically extending body of su'clr'ore within said chamber; supplying heat to saidore body through the walls-of *saidchamberinan externally heated Zone extending "throughout a "major portion ofthe height of saidore'bodyyto maintain said" ore body at a temperature -between about 400 C. and-900 0. within said zone; introducing a preheated hydrocarbonfiuid into contactwiththeorein said body at a plurality 'of positions intermediate theheight ofsaid-ex- 'ternallyheated zone, tocause reductionof iron in said ore within the body to a state'of oxidationlower than-Fe3Or and'partially to metallic iron; and to cause-deposition on-theore of-carbonformed by decomposition of the "hydrocarbon fluid; removing from the lower endof the ore body partially reduced ore" containing'iron' completelyreduced to a state of oxidationlowerthan Fezoi and partially reduced tometallic' state'and also containing carbon; subjecting the ore 'so removed to further "heating-in the'pre's'enceof a solid reducing agent including "the carbon 'pres- "ent in the ore, at a temperature suflicient to complate the reductiontof the "iron to. the metallic state and cause "fusion" thereof and recovering th resulting metallic iron.

3. In a process"*for'the'recovery. of iron from an ore containingahigher oxide there'of,'.i;the steps that compriser' maintaining a vertically extending body of such-an ore in divided condition within an enclosed chamber; supplying heat to said ore body through the walls of'said'chamher in an externally heated zone extending throughout a major portionof the height ofsaid ore body,- to maintain the ore at atemperature between about 400 Cs and about 9000rwithin aid zone; and introducing apreheatedhydrocarbon fluid into contact withthe' ore ataplu-- rality of positions intermediate the height'of said externally heated zone, to cause reduction of ironin said ore-within the'body to a'state' of oxidation lower than F8304 and partially tometallic iron.

4. In a process forth-e recoveryof'iron from an ore containing a' higher oxide thereof, the steps which compriser maintainingayertic'ally extending: body of- -such an ore in dividedlcondition within an enclosed chamber;-supplying heat to said ore body through the walls of said chamber in an externally heated zone extending throughout a major portion of the height of said ore body, to maintain the ore at a temperature between about 400 C. and about 900 C. within said zone;- heating a hydrocarbon fluid externally of said chamber to a temperature at least approximating the temperature of the ore in said heated zone; introducing said heated hydrocarbon fluid into contact with the ore at a plurality of vertically spaced positions intermediate the height of said externally heated zone, to cause partial reduction of iron therein-and produce gaseous reaction products; removing such gaseous reaction products from said chamber above the ore body; and supplying additional preheated ore to the upper end of said ore body and removing o-re containing partially reduced iron from the lower end of the ore body at such a rate that the iron in the ore reaching the lower end of the body is com letely reduced to a state of oxidation lower than F8304 and partially reduced to metallic iron. I

5. Ina process for the recovery of iron from an ore containing a higher oxide thereof, the,

steps which comprise: maintaining a vertically extending body of such ore in divided condition within an enclosed chamber; supplying heat to said ore body through the walls of said chamber in an externally heated zone extending throughout a major portion of the height of said ore body, to maintain the ore at a temperature between about 650 C. and about 800 C. within said zone; heating a hydrocarbon fluid externally of said chamber to a temperature at least approximating the temperature of the ore in said heated zone; introducing said heated hydrocarbon fluid into contact with th ore at aplurality of positions intermediate the height of said externally heated zone, to cause partial reduction of iron therein and produce gaseous reaction products;'

removing such gaseous reaction products from said chamber above the ore body; and supplying additional preheated ore to the upper end of said ore body and removing ore containing partially reduced iron from the lower end of the ore body at such a rate that the iron in the ore reaching the lower end of the body is completely reduced to a state of oxidation lower than F6304 and partially reduced to metallic iron.

6. A process for the recovery of iron from an ore containing an oxide thereof higher than FeO, which comprises: coating the ore in divided condition with a hydrocarbon liquid of high boiling point; forming a vertically extending body of such coated ore within an enclosed chamber; heating such body of ore to maintain it at a temperature between about 400 C. and about 900 C., while introducing a preheated hydrocarbon fluid into contact with the ore in said body,

ore body partially reduced ore containing iron completely reduced to a state of oxidation lower to cause reduction of iron in said ore to a state 3 of oxidation lower than Fe3O4 and partially to metallic iron and to cause deposition on the ore of carbon formed by decomposition of said hydrocarbon liquid and said hydrocarbon fluid; removing from said chamber the partially reduced ore containing such carbon; and subjecting the ore so removed to further heating in the presence of such carbon at a sufiicient temperature to complete reduction of the iron to the metallic state and cause fusion thereof.

7. A process for the recovery of iron from an ore containing an oxide thereof higher than FeO, which comprises: subjecting the ore in divided 22- condition to contact with hot combustion gases in a first stage in which the ore is free to expand on heating, to remove water present in the or and heat the ore to a temperature between about 400 C. and about 900 C.; delivering the dried and heated ore to a chamber and introducing a preheated hydrocarbon fluid into contact with the ore in said chamber, to efiect partial reduction of iron in said ore; delivering the ore, after such partial reduction, into an enclosed vertically extending chamber and maintaining a vertically extending body of such ore within said last mentioned chamber; supplying heat to said ore body through the walls of said last mentioned chamber in an externally heated zone extending throughout a major portion of the height of said ore body, to maintain said ore body at a temperature between about 400 C. and 900 C. within said zone; introducing a preheated hydrocarbon fluid into contact with the ore in said body at a plurality of positions intermediate the height of said externally heated zone, to cause reduction of iron in said ore within the body to a state of oxidation lower than Fe3O4 and partially to metallic iron; removing from the lower end of the than F6304 and partially reduced to metallic state; subjecting the ore so removed to further heating in the presence of a solid reducing agent at a temperature sufficient to complete the reduction of the iron to the metallic state and cause fusion thereof; and recovering the resulting metallic iron.

8. In a process for the recovery of iron from an ore containing a higher oxide thereof, the steps that comprise: heating the ore in divided condition to remove water therefrom and to heat the ore to a temperature between about 400 C. and about 900 C.; delivering the dried and heated ore to a chamber and introducing a preheated hydrocarbon fluid into contact with the ore in said chamber, to effect partial reduction of iron in said ore; delivering the ore, after such partial reduction, into an enclosed vertically extending chamber and maintaining a vertically extending body of such ore within said last mentioned chamber; supplying heat to said ore body through the walls of said last mentioned chamber in an externally heated zone extending throughout a major portion of the height of said ore body, to maintain the ore at a temperature between about 400 C. and about 900 C. within said zone; and introducing a preheated hydrocarbon fluid into contact with the ore at a plurality of positions intermediate the height of said externally heated zone, to cause reduction of iron in said ore within the body to a state of oxidation lower than FesO4 and partially to metallic iron.

9. A process for the recovery of iron from an ore containing an oxide thereof higher than FeO, which comprises: subjecting the ore in divided condition to contact with hot combustion gases in a first stage in which the ore is free to expand on heating, to remove water present in the ore and heat the ore to a temperature between about 400 C. and about 900 C.; thereafter delivering the dried and heated ore into an enclosed vertically extending chamber and maintaining a vertically extending body of such ore within said chamber; supplying heat to said ore body through the walls of said chamber in an externally heated zone extending throughout a major portion of the height of said ore body, to maintain said ore body at a temperature between about 400 C. and 900 23 i C. within said zone; introducing a preheated hydrocarbon fluid; into contact with the are in said body at a plurality of vertically spaced positions intermediate the height of said externally heatedzone, to cause reduction of iron in said ore within the body to a state of oxidation lower than FeaOi and partially to metallic iron; removing from the lower end of the ore body partially stepsthat comprise? maintaining a vertically ex-- tending bodyof such an ore in divided condition within an enclosed chamber; supplying heat to said ore body through the walls of said chamber in an externally heated zone extending throughout a major portion of the-height of said ore body, to maintain the ore at a temperature between about 400- C; and about 900 C. within said zone;

24 and introducing a' preheated hydrocarbon fluid into: contact with the meat a plurality of vertically' spaced. positions. intermediate the height of said externally heated zone, to: cause reduction of iron in said o-re within the body to a state of oxidation lower than F8304 and: partially to metallic iron.

ELFEGO- RIVEROLL.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,370,915 Riveroll Mar. 8, 1921 1,864,593 Gustafsson June 28, 1932 1,934,082 Moll Nov. 7, 1933 Re. 19,770 Brown Dec; 3, 1935' 2,048,112 Gahl' July- 21, 1936- 2 2961522 Hartley Sept. 22, 1942 OTHER REFERENCES- Transactions, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, vol. 140, pages- 106 and 107'. 

